♥ angel-DARkness~~

Friday, August 17, 2007 ♥ 4:52 AM

this week is finally over.
the week of testssssss.

but next week still got test oso
3 tests.
haiz eoy coming nearer and nearer. oh no.!!!

omg.i met a pervert ytd.
i shall not describe the incident its too disgusting.
i feel..

nvm.haiya wanna go play games le bibi.<33

Tuesday, August 14, 2007 ♥ 6:13 AM

excretion..

the removing of metabolic waste product and toxic material is removed from the bodyof an organism.

excretion
the removal of undigested food substances from the alimentary canal. not fromed from chemical reaction in cells.

Formation of Urine.

The renal artery branches into afferent arteriole.
Afferent arteriole will branch into a mass of capillaries called glomerulus.
This is where ultratfiltration occurs when blood flows from the wider afferent arteriole tube to a narrower efferent arteriole tube and create a hydrostatic pressure which would force the small molecules into the Bowman's Capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule.
At the convoluted tubule the selective reabsorbtion of the essential substances. Some mineral salts and all glucose and amino acid are reabsorbed thru diffusion and active transport. Most of the water is reabsorbed by osmosis
At the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed.
At the distal convoluted tubule, water is reabsorbed and some salt (sodium salt) is reabsorbed.
excess water, mineral salt and nitrogeneous waste products.(urea, uric acid, creatinine) is removed a mixture called urine.

The water potential of the blood has to be kept relatively constant , drastic changes in water potential would result in serious problems. Blood too diluted. water wld osmose in cell and cause it to swell and may burst. Blood too concentrated, water wld osmose out of the cell and cause it to dehydrate and become unable to perform its metabolic functions.

Amt of water in blood vessel is controlled by vasopressin or antideuretic hormone (ADH) which is produced in the Hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. When there is a decrease in water potential the hypothalamus would be stimulated to produce more ADH to allow more water to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubule. the water potential wld return to normal.
When there is an increase in water potential the hypothalamus wld be stimulated to produce less ADH to reabsorb the water from the kidney tubule so that the water potential wld return to normal.

Kidney is vital in controlling the blood vol and pressure.
blood vol increase the blood pressure increases.
blood vol reamin the same, lumen of blood vessel decreases ,blood pressure increases.
High Blood Pressure may cause the blood vessel in the brain to burst and cause stroke.
The doctor wld prescribe med to reduce release of ADH so as to give out more diluted urine and less vol in blood and decrease in blood pressure.

Kidney failure.

Blood wld be drawn from the artery at the wrist of the person and pumped into the dialysis machine.
The tubing is bathed in specifically controlled dialysis fluid.The tubing is partially permeable.
The waste product from the blood diffused into the dialysis fluid.The filtered blood is then returned to the vien in the patient's arm.

The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential substances as the blood this is to ensure that this substances wld not diffuse out of the blood and furthermore, if the blood lacks these substances it wld diffuse from the dialysis fluid into the blood.

The dialysis fluid does not contain waste products this is to create a concentration gradient. The excess water, glucose, mineral salt and nitrogeneous waste product wld be remove when they diffuse from the blood to the dialysis fluid.This maintain the water potential in blood.
The tubing is long narrow and coiled to increase the surface area to vol ratio. This is to increase the rate of exchange of substances of the blood and dialysis fluid.

Finally thats the end..i hope i wont forget all these.:P
The direction of the dialysis fluid flows in the opposite direction of the blood this is to maintain a concentration gradient for the removal of waste product.

♥ 5:13 AM

today i ver guai. i wanna revise ma bio on the blog.
and ma sis go anyhow say i wanna play com.
:{ hmph wateva lar..

now ill start on ma Respiration.

Respiration -is the breakdown of food substances through oxidation in cells.
Aerobic respiration- is the oxidation of food substances in the presence of o2 to produce a large ant of energy in cells.
co2 n h2o is produce as waste products.
Anaerobic- is the breakdown of food molecules w/o the presence of o2. energy produce is lesser than in aerobic respiration. Lactic acid is formed in ther process.

During Inspiraion/Inhalation.
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, at the same time, the intercoastal muscle contracts and causes the ribs to swing upwards and outwards resulting in the increase of thoracic cavity vol. The increase in thoracic cavity cause the pressure in the thorax to be lower than the external air pressure. As a result air wld rush into the nose thru the trachea and into the lungs and alveoli.
The alveoli have a large surface area for gaseous exchange. The inhaled oxygen would dissolve in the thin film of moisture on the internal walls of the alveolar walls. Then it would diffuse thru the one-cell thick alveolar walls and into the red blood cells. The oxygen would then combine with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. The blood would then leave the lungs thru the cappilaries and and supply oxygen to different parts of the body.

During expiration/exhalation.
The diaphragm relax and arches upwards, at the same time th intercoastal muscles relax and cause the ribs to swing inwards and downwards decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. the decrease in thoracic volume wld cause the pressure in the thorax to be higher than the external air pressure.
The carbondioxide produced be the metabolic reactions of the cells would be converted to carbonic acid be an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, in the red blood cell. Then the carbonic acid wld be converted into hydrogencarbonate ions which wld diffuse out of the red blood cell. Thus carbon dioxide is mostly transported as hydrogencarbonate ions in the blood plasma. In the lungs the hydrogencabonate diffuse back into the red blood cells and convert back into carbonic acid and then to co2 n h2o. It would then diffuse thru the one-cell thick walls of the alveoli and expelled when it is forced out by the lungs.

adaptation of alveoli.
-large surface area= increase rate of gaseous diffusion in and out of the alveoli wall.
-one-cell thick walls= allow the o2 and co2 molecules to diffuse in and out of the alveoli easily.
-thin film of moisture= allow o2 and co2 to dissolve and diffuse out of the alveoli
-surrounded with capillaries= constant flow of blood to maintain concentration gradient of the o2 and co2 gases.

respiration in muscles
1. we will breathe faster and our heart will beat faster to supply the muscle with energy for vigorous muscle contraction.
2.However there is a limit to the rate of heartbeat and breathing. The rate of heartbeat and breathing may not be fast enough to supply the muscle with sufficient o2 for aerobic respiration to provide them with energy to move.This is called oxygen debt.
3.The muscle will carry out anaerobic respiration to produce extra energy and lactic acid wld be form in the process.
4. The extra energy + energy from aerobic respiration is sufficient to meet the demand of vigorous muscle contraction.
5.Lactic acid conc. will build up and might eventually become high enuff to cause fatigue and muscle pain. The body then needs to rest.
6. During the resting period, breathing rate continue to be fast as o2 is needed to repay the oxygen debt.Lactic acid is removed from the muscle and transported to the liver.
7. In the liver, some of the lactic acid is converted into energy and this energy is used to change the remaining lactic acid into glucose. When the lactic acid is used up, the o2 debt is repaid.

SMOKING

Nicotine.
additive drug in smoke
cause brian to be alert (adrenaline) following which will dull the brain and senses.
cause easy clotting of blood- increase risk of Heart attack where the clot blocks the coronary artery.
-increase risk of Stroke where blood vessel in the brain is clot.

Tar.
contains carcinogenic materials which cause abnormal growth of cells.(cancer)
paralyses the cilia prevent the cilia from removing dust particles from the trachea and lungs.

Carbon Monoxide.
binds irreversibly with haemoglobin reduce the efficiency of red blood cells to carry oxygen.
Increases rate of fatty deposit in blood vessel reduce lumen of blood vessel and risk of athleroclersis.
damages the lining of blood vessel cause the hardening of blood vessel.

Saturday, August 11, 2007 ♥ 5:34 AM

its like the second last day or even the second last nite of the
NDP hols..
lol.i dun think its a holidea well.
we have to worry abt finisshin out hmwk..(i finished.)
n worry abt the tests we gonna have.haiz.
so not hol.

well i guess being in sec school for more than 2 years now
ive grown used to it.
but still cant i just grumble abt it hahas
nvm.

ytd i was suppose to finish watchin the new taiwan show
i told ya. but however i dun feel like it as first of all
it was alr really late. n tmr (today) ill have to start ma revision on
ma tests i dun wanna be all fatigue n tired n start dozing off the moment i
open ma txtbk

thank goodness i didnt.
hahas..yay!
but now i have to finish the show on maself as
they(sis n mum) have finished it even though i insisted that we sld
go to sleep if not it wld jeopardise our health!
(well its a lil exaggerating)
but its true.hahas

nvm bu4 ting1 jaclyn yan2 chi1 kui1 zai4 yan3 qian2.

muahahahahas.
i dno wats wrong with me lolz

now im watchin a show on channel 5
i think its a rather old show its called Tail Sting
abt scorpions monstrous ones..
well quite scary i dunno??
i nvr watch the beginning.hahas
kkz

will blog till here..bwuaizz.<33

Thursday, August 09, 2007 ♥ 11:21 PM

well..im here in hougang.lol
ive been slacking i cant believe it!
oh no how am i gonna finish the hmwk n the revision and for the tests next week..
arrhszz
im gonna breakdown soon lolz
nope im not that weak hahs
i will withstand the storms n obstacles that comes my way..haha
i think i sld create a blog for ma sis
she just keep chanting incessantly beside me
i cant take it anymore!!! arhh

tears well up in ma eyes
i can neither stifle ma sobs nor
hold back ma tears
yeah this is the 'new' sentence she 'taught' me
hah
now i have a new eng teacher.
i nvr really like ma eng teachers before
no xception to this one either.
:DD

there there shes chit chattering nonstop agen.
haiz.i just cant have a moment of peaceful silence. with her ard.
i dno why im posting this .
i think ive gone bersrk lolz
just jokin..
just thinkin abt the load of hmwk at ma desk i just wanna faint
... STOP NOW U EVIL SIS!!!!

gonna go..(she is just so unbearablely noisy n well funneh.)
byebye

♥ 4:47 AM

heyz.everyone.. i ver long nvr blog le hahas abt 2 months..

din noe wot i was doin ..lolz

today is NATIONAL DAY!!!

HAPPY NATIONAL DAY everyone..!!!

:DDD

aiyah i think oso nobody read this blog lo. write oso no use

nvm i just write for fun..

ytd was the NDP celebration for the school .

yh concert band have to perform..play the march and national songs all taht.

then the fourth row ppl have to stand up everytime we play cos me chua scared l8r

ppl cannot hear..haiz.

then after that the trumpets have to play a fanfare n ...

for the treeplanting thingy.

at first ver nervous at the thot that everyone wld be staring but after that okay okay le.. hahas

it was quite an experience..

the fanfare i thought we did ok but the shrek dance part a bit sucky..

too bad my sis have to go wash face.(i oso dunno why)

den she nvr see me play at all.

no fair

i was still trying to find her in the crowd.:(

sad.

erm.i din went out todea.stayed at home n do hmwk.

woah so guai.!! lolz

anw i just started watchin a new taiwan show.. its called..:)
转角遇到爱

its ver nice show. yeah quie funneh too.:))

hahas..

must go watch watch..:)

yh. ver sian i hink i just write until here.

wah.. nxt week a lot of test lo i dunno if i can finish studyin for it this 'hols'

so much hmwk oso ..haiz

maybe two months later ill blog agen.hahas,

x..[[jacjac]]..x